Remembering the Armada - Battle of Gravelines 1588

On 27 July, the Spanish anchored off Calais in a crescent-shaped, tightly-packed defensive formation, not far from Parma's army of 16,000, which was waiting at Dunkirk. There was no deep-water port along that coast of France and the Low Countries where the fleet might shelter — always a major difficulty for the expedition — and the Spanish found themselves vulnerable as night drew on.

At midnight of 28 July, the English set eight fireships (filled with pitch, gunpowder, and tar) alight and sent them downwind among the closely-anchored Spanish vessels. The Spanish feared that these might prove as deadly as the 'hellburners'[6] used against them to deadly effect at the Siege of Antwerp.[7] Two were intercepted and towed away, but the others bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's flagship, and a few other of the principal warhips, held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their cables and scattered in confusion, with the result that only one Spanish ship was burned. But the fireships had managed to break the crescent formation, and the fleet now found itself too far to leeward of Calais in the rising south-westerly wind to recover its position. In their haste to escape quickly, many Spanish ships cut their anchor lines; the loss of their anchors would prove important later in the campaign. The lighter English ships closed in for battle at Gravelines.

Battle of Gravelines

Gravelines was then part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands, close to the border with France and the closest Spanish territory to England. Medina-Sidonia tried to re-form his fleet there, and was reluctant to sail further east owing to the danger from the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the sea-marks. The Spanish army had been expected to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast, but communications were far more difficult than anticipated, and without notice of the Armada's arrival Parma needed another six days to bring his troops up, while Medina-Sidonia waited at anchor.

The English had learned much of the Armada's strengths and weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel, and accordingly conserved their heavy shot and powder prior to their attack at Gravelines on 8 August. During the battle, the Spanish heavy guns proved unwieldy, and their gunners had not been trained to reload — in contrast to their English counterparts, they fired once and then jumped to the rigging to attend to their main task as marines ready to board enemy ships. Evidence from wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the Armada's ammunition was never spent.

In 2002 Dr Colin Martin of the University of St Andrews claimed that many Spanish ships carried cannon shot that was the wrong size for their cannon. The equipment had been gathered from a wide variety of sources in the Spanish Habsburg lands which were world-wide and, in Europe, scattered between the Heel of Italy, southern Portugal and the Ems estuary. The notion of standardization had barely been explored at this stage.

With its superior maneuverability, the English fleet provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. Once the Spanish had loosed their heavy shot, the English then closed, firing repeated and damaging broadsides into the enemy ships. This superiority also enabled them to maintain a position to windward so that the heeling Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water-line.

The main handicap for the Spanish was their determination to board the enemy's ships and thrash out a victory in hand-to-hand fighting. This had proved effective at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, but the English were aware of this Spanish strength and avoided it.

Eleven Spanish ships were lost or damaged (though the most seaworthy Atlantic-class vessels escaped largely unscathed). The Armada suffered nearly 2,000 battle casualties before the English fleet ran out of ammunition. English casualties in the battle were far fewer, in the low hundreds. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been defeated, and the English had afforded themselves some breathing space. But the Armada's presence in northern waters still posed a great threat to England.

It is an idea whose time has come.

The Commonwealth Federation would be the third largest economy in the Western world (excluding its trade agreements with the rest of the Commonwealth), with global reach, a high standard of living and a powerful position in almost every geographical region and sector of the global economy. A common voice would allow us once more to project our influence on world events and to protect our own interests and identity outside regional trade blocs or the orbits of other superpowers, current or emerging.


The countries of CANZUK are drawn together by a common past, culture, language, institutions, political processes and ideals. We are all successful Westminster Democracies. Most of our laws and customs but also our beliefs and values are the same. We are also wealthy Western countries with very similar levels of national income per head and many common insitutions binding us together. We share not only membership of the Commonwealth but also a number of defence pacts, embassies, a common Head of State and Commander in Chief, and other impromptu areas of cooperation such as AUKMIN and the CANZ group at the UN.


The rise of the new economy, changes in technology and new ways of life are changing the world in radical and fundamental ways. China and India are recognised by the international community as being the next super powers that, together with the United States will form the dominant forces in the world. The nature of business has changed with borderless selling, instant transfer of information and reliance on intangibles for all purposes.


Should they continue to act autonomously and ignore or deny their common roots and interests, the CANZUK countries are statistically not strong enough to retain their influence and protect their ways of life without being incorporated into other transnational structures, be they the orbits of superpowers or power-hungry regional blocs like the EU. If this is the fate of CANZUK, then it makes sense to develop a Commonwealth Federation composed of countries that are similar to each other to a degree that is not possible in any other association.

The UCS is currently actively campaigning to achieve the first phase of this plan, focusing on establishing closer economical, cultural and political ties between the CANZUK core nations.